Saturday, August 24, 2019
Introduction Sentences
In any language which existed or existing in
the world there are two main categories of sentences. The first category is
“Introduction sentences” (InS) and the
other is “Action sentences” (AcS). The difference between the two is that the
both are full sentences where InS makes an introduction and the latter
describes an action happens or been done.
However in English language, the InS is yet to
be identified as a sentence category where it is included into Simple Tenses. This
article proves that InS cannot be included into Simple tenses and it should be
identified as a separate sentence category.
What
is InS and AcS
As it is mentioned above, InS is the category
of sentences through which an introduction is made. The specialty of the InS is
that the main verb of the sentence is a “be verb”. Therefore it can be
identified that if the main verb is a be verb, that particular sentence is an
InS.
In an InS, the sentence discusses about an
introduction of the “subject”. For an instance, I am Kamal. In this particular
sentence, it is discussed “who I am”. In the sentence there is no action
happening or being done. It only says about who I am. Therefore it gives only
an introduction about “me”. In the sentence “It is a bat”, the subject is “It”
and the object is “a bat” which describes the subject. Therefore it is an InS.
On the other hand, “I eat rice” is an AcS which
describes an action. It describes what the subject does. In this particular
sentence the subject is “I” and what “I” does is “eating”. Therefore the
sentence describes what the subject does. Furthermore in the sentence “The dog
dies” is an action sentence which describes what happens to the subject. Then
also it describes an action thus it is an AcS.
Specialty of InS
The specialty of InS is that it a full sentence
which is constructed by using only a be verb. If a sentence only has a be
verb, it is an InS.
Therefore the following formula can be
introduced for Introduction sentences.
Subject
+ be verb +
Object
The introduction sentences can be divided into
3 main parts namely present, past and future. If the be verb is present, the
sentence is a present InS. If the be
verb is a past, the sentence is a past InS and likewise when the be verb is
future the sentence is a future InS.
Present InS Subject + am/is/are +
Object
In present
InS, present be verbs are used as the main verb. The sentence introduces what,
how, where, when, and who the “subject” is in the present by the “object”.
Important
– “am” is used only with “I” as the subject while “is” is used with singular
subjects and “are” with plural subjects.
I am Kamal.
– describes who the subject “I” is by the object “Kamal”.
It is a
bag. – describes what the subject “It” is by the object “bag”.
He is a
doctor. – described what the subject “He” is by the object “a doctor”.
This is
Mathara. – describes where the subject “This” is by the object
“Mathara”.
Today is
Monday. – describes when the subject “Today” is by the object “Monday”
Past InS Subject + was/were +
Object
In
past InS, past be verbs are used as the
main verb. The sentence introduces what, how, where, when, and who the
“subject” was in the past by the
“object”.
Important
– “was” is used with singular subjects and “were” with plural subjects.
I was a
baby. – describes who the subject “I” was by the object “a baby”.
It was a
bag. – describes what the subject “It” was by the object “bag”.
He was a
doctor. – described what the subject “He” was by the object “a doctor”.
This was my
school. – describes where the subject “This” was by the object “my
school”.
Yesterday was Monday. – describes when the subject “Yesterday”
was by the object “Monday”.
Future InS Subject + will be/shall be
+ Object
In
future InS, future be verbs are used as
the main verb. The sentence introduces what, how, where, when, and who
the “subject” will be in the future by
the “object”.
Important
– “shall be” is used with only “I” and “We” as the subjects and “will be “is
used with both singular and plural
subjects.
I will
be a father. – describes who the
subject “I” will be by the object “a father”.
It will be
a bag. – describes what the subject “It” will be by the object “bag”.
He will be
a doctor. – described what the subject “He” will be by the object “a
doctor”.
This will
be my school. – describes where the subject “This” will be by the object
“my school”.
Tomorrow will be Monday. – describes when the
subject “Tomorrow” will be by the object “Monday”.
In all the InSs the object describes the
subject. Therefore it is a particular separate category in which the subject is
being introduced. Therefore it cannot be included in “simple tenses” where
action sentences are the norm. Thus InS ought to be categorized as a separate
an independent group of sentences.
Friday, August 16, 2019
Sociology and education
Sociology
The word
Sociology is derived from the combination of the Latin word ‘socius’ – meaning
‘companion’ and the Greek word ‘logos’ – meaning ‘the study of’. So the word
literally means the study of companionship, or social relations.
In a simple
definition, Sociology is the study of human social relationships and
institutions.
Relationship
between Sociology and education
Emile Durkheim indicated
the need for a sociological approach to education. He emphasized that education
is not a static phenomenon, but a dynamic and ever-changing process.
On other words, the prime
concern of sociology is socialized individuals while education is the process
of socializing individuals.
Sociology
studies the structure and functions of social systems, while education is one
of the important functions of any social system.
Socialization
Socialization
is the process through which a person, from birth through death, is taught the
norms, customs, values, and roles of the society in which they live.
Characteristics of socialization
- Inculcates basic discipline
- Helps to control human behaviour
- Socialisation takes place formally and informally
- Socialisation is continuous process
Agencies of socialization
- Family
- Peer Group
- Religion
- Educational Institutions
- Occupation
- Political Parities
- Mass Media
Social mobility
Social mobility, movement of
individuals, families, or groups through a system of social hierarchy or
stratification. Or a person’s ability to move between social positions depends
upon their economic, cultural, human, and social capital. There are two types
of social mobility.
- Horizontal social mobility
- Vertical social mobility
Horizontal social mobility
If the mobility involves a
change of position in occupation, but not the social class.
Vertical social mobility
If the mobility involves a
change of position in social class.
Upward mobility – moving up in the social class
Downward mobility – moving down in the social class
Factors affecting social mobility
- Structure of the society
- Religious beliefs and superstitious
- Demographic structure (population)
- Economic factors
- Political factors
- Motivation
- Achievements and Failures
- Skills and Training
- Education
Education and social
mobility
Education and social mobility
are closely related. Education tries to develop ability and capacity in
individuals to gain higher status, positions or prestige and promotes effective
social mobility. A strongly motivated individual will be willing to sacrifice
his immediate comforts and pleasure for a better future. A poor student may
work hard to receive higher education in order to have upward social mobility. Therefore
education plays a big role in social mobility.
- Education sharpens the intellect, widens the vision, helps in the wholesome and balanced development of man and above all it leads to social , economic and political development of a nation.
- Both the streams of education i.e. formal and Non-formal play a great role in bringing about social mobility
- Formal education is directly and causally related to social mobility. This relationship is generally understood to be one in which formal education itself is a cause or one of the cause of vertical social mobility.
- Education is directly related to occupational mobility and the subsequent improvement lin economic status and on the other hand, kit forms and element of social change. Persons with higher education and better employment are respected more in the society.
- It is a purpose of education to develop within the individual such motivation as will make him to work hard for the improvement of his social position
- Higher education helps in gaining higher income and, thus, education is an ;important means for upward social mobility.
Reference –
Education and Industrial revolution.
Industrial
revolution which took place in 18th century in England laid the
foundation for the access for poor towards the education.
Before Industrial
revolution, the landowners who were the masters of almost all of the rural
areas, were treating the villagers as slaves by getting more work and paying
less. This happened due to the lack of education the villagers had and all the
generations had to follow the same foot path of their ancestors. But with the Industrial
revolution villagers began to migrate into cities where labour was given a much higher wage than
in the agricultural field at the village. Since the machines needed more labour, child labour was unavoidable. This set the
foundation for the government to interfere into the child labouring and as a result
- In 1833, the government passed the Factory Act making two hours of education a day compulsory for children working in factories. The government also granted money to charities for schools for the first time.
- In 1870, Forster's Act set up state-funded board schools for primary education.
- In 1880, the Education Act made school attendance compulsory for children up to the age of 10.
- The 1902 Education Act established a system of secondary schools.
This was the beginning of public education, therefore the major
effect of industrial revolution towards education can be identified as it created
the formal education system for the time.
Reference -
https://www.quora.com/How-did-the-Industrial-Revolution-affect-education-What-are-some-examples
Thursday, August 15, 2019
Ritual view and Transmission view of communication
Communication has been defined by
different people in different eras related to the era and the personal
perspectives. Among them Ritual view and Transmission view of
communication
played a major role in defining com.
Transmission view
The term “transmission” has formed from
“transportation or geography”. Since the importance of movements of goods and
the information was seen essential in 19th
century, a common word for both; “communication” was formed.
The idea of communication in this era was
to transmit signals or messages over distance for the purpose of control.
It is defined by the terms
"imparting," "sending," "transmitting," or
"giving information to others."
The com. is meaningless as it is one
sided.
Ritual view
The Ritual view of com. Is focused on
maintenance of society in time, to share beliefs.
It draws persons together in fellowship
and commonality.
Is interested in interaction between
people and people & texts.
The communication can fail significantly
thus it is meaningful.
Transmission view vs
Ritual
view
Therefore Transmission view can be seen
as the old meaning of com while Ritual view is the new meaning,
Reference -
Old and new meanings of communication.
Communication has been under discussion
since the beginning of the human race. However one man known as Aristotle gave
a new definition and a meaning to communication that com. is a rhetoric
process.
Aristotle’s model of communication
Aristotle describes communication as a
process of persuading way to transfer ideas to an audience, where the sender is
persuading the receivers. He created the a written model for that, which is now
known as Aristotle's model of communication.
In Aristotle’s model of com; the speaker
is the most important factor which makes it a speaker-oriented model. Speaker’s
task is to give the message and the audience has to listen which makes audience
passive. Therefore Aristotle Model of Communication is a one way model (speaker
– receiver).
The Role of the Speaker
The important factor in this model. He is
the solely responsible person in the communication. Everything depends on his
speech. He has to analyse the audience and deliver the speech according to it.
Ex – Politian, positive thinking
lectures, motivators, religious leaders and etc.
The role of the receiver
Passive. Do not play an important role in
the communication but only receive what the speaker says and act accordingly.
Ex – Voters, electorate,
religious followers and etc.
The Rhetorical Triangle
Aristotle did not discover the rhetoric
triangle himself but he did introduce the three main elements of the rhetoric
triangle which effectively
described the three modes of persuasion, namely logos, pathos, and ethos
Logos
The speaker’s message. More specifically the
facts, statements, and other elements that comprise the argument.
(Logos means logic)
According to Aristotle the most
important element in com.
§Tips for building good logos in
communication:
What is the context? What conditions are
relevant?
What are the potential counter-arguments?
Is there any evidence that supports my
argument? Always mention this.
Do I correctly avoid generalisations and
am I being specific enough?
Pathos
The audience and the way in which they react
to the speaker’s message.
(Pathos means emotion)
The audience must feel that they are
communicated with.
§Tips for effectively addressing emotions:
People’s involvement is stimulated by
humour. Always keep different types of humour in mind, though
Use images or other visual materials to
evoke strong emotions
Pay attention to the intonation and tempo
of one’s voice in order to elicit enthusiasm or anxiety
Ethos
Ethos is about the speaker’s
credibility
and degree of authority, especially in relation to the subject at hand.
§Tips for building ethos in communication:
Use words that suit the target group
Keep communication professional
Use recommendations from qualified
experts
Make logical connections and avoid
fallacies
Rhetorical triangle
Disadvantages of Rhetoric
Communication#
1.There
is no concept of feedback, it is one way from speaker to audience.
2.There
is no concept of communication failure like noise and barriers.
3.This
model can only be used in public speaking.
Reference -
Communication
The root of the word “communication” in
Latin is communicare, which means to share, or to make common
Communication is
defined as the process of understanding and sharing meaning
To understand is to perceive, to
interpret, and to relate our perception and interpretation to what we already
know.
Sharing means doing something together
with one or more people
meaning is
what we share through communication
Communication in a simple definition is sender
sending a message and
the receiver
receiving it and giving back feedback on it.
However in a broad perspective
communication can be identified as a bit complex process
Eight Essential Components of Communication
In order to better understand the
communication process, we can break it down into a series of eight essential
components:
1.Source
– which encode message data and transmit the information (speech, body, tone,
outfit)
2.Message – what is conveyed
3.Channel
– the way message is conveyed between receiver and sender
4.Receiver
– who gets the message
5.Feedback – what the
receiver sends back to the source
6.Environment
– physical and psychological atmosphere
7.Context
- setting,
scene, and expectations of the individuals involved
8.Interference
- anything
that blocks or changes the source’s intended meaning of the message
There
are four main ways to communicate.
- Verbal – using words. Every language speaker is a verbal communicator
- Non – verbal – using body language, hand gestures, facial expressions. Being used while communicating verbally.
- Written – using words but written. Every exam paper is written communication
- Visual – communicate using illustrations or pictures. Traffic signs, warning signs.
Reference -
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